What mechanism do antidepressants primarily target to alleviate symptoms of depression?

Antidepressants primarily alleviate symptoms of depression by modulating neurotransmitter levels in the brain. This process often involves enhancing the levels of key neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, which are critical for mood regulation. Various classes of antidepressants work through different mechanisms to achieve this modulation. For instance, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) increase serotonin levels by preventing its reabsorption in the brain, while norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs) affect both norepinephrine and dopamine levels.

This targeted modulation results in improved mood, reduced feelings of sadness, and other positive effects that help alleviate depressive symptoms. The focus on neurotransmitter levels is central to understanding how these medications provide therapeutic relief for individuals suffering from depression.

In contrast, inhibiting GABA, blocking dopamine receptors, or promoting neurogenesis in the spinal cord do not primarily address the underlying neurotransmitter imbalances that are often present in depression. While these mechanisms may have roles in other CNS functions or disorders, the direct targeting of neurotransmitter levels is the pivotal action that defines the mechanism through which antidepressants exert their effects in treating depression.