What are considered first-line treatments for major depressive disorder?

First-line treatments for major depressive disorder (MDD) are primarily SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) and SNRIs (serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors). These classes of medications are favored in clinical practice due to their efficacy and safety profiles.

SSRIs work by increasing levels of serotonin in the brain, which is often low in individuals with depression. This enhancement of serotonin activity is associated with improved mood and reduction of depressive symptoms. Common SSRIs include fluoxetine, sertraline, and escitalopram.

SNRIs, on the other hand, not only target serotonin but also enhance norepinephrine levels, which can also play a role in mood regulation and energy levels. This dual mechanism can be particularly effective for some patients who may not respond fully to SSRIs alone. Well-known SNRIs include venlafaxine and duloxetine.

The other choices do not align with current first-line treatment options for MDD. MAOIs and tricyclic antidepressants, while effective, are typically not first-line due to potential side effects and dietary restrictions. Antipsychotics and benzodiazepines are not used primarily for the treatment of depression; rather, they may be employed in cases